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MATH MCQS FSC 1ST YEAR

MCQs by MIAN SAUD

Chapter 01		Download PDF (166KB)
Chapter 02		Download PDF (77KB)
Chapter 03		Download PDF (45KB)
Chapter 04		Download PDF (50KB)
Chapter 05		Download PDF (46KB)
Chapter 06		Download PDF (49KB)
Chapter 07		Download PDF (47KB)
Chapter 08		Download PDF (48KB)
Chapter 09		Download PDF (55KB)
Chapter 10		Download PDF (57KB)
Chapter 11		Download PDF (50KB)
Chapter 12		Download PDF (60KB)
Chapter 13		Download PDF (57KB)
Chapter 14		Download PDF (57KB)

News Update

Breaking News!

3 years of Excellence

TOBA NEWS

19-10-2011 

Dacoits loot 3 houses in Toba locality

From Our Correspondent

TOBA TEK SINGH: Five dacoits looted three houses in Housing Colony No 2 on Jhang Road on Wednesday. The dacoits reached the locality and forced their entry into the house of Mian Mazhar Saeed. They held the family hostage and took away golden ornaments worth Rs 360,000, two mobile phones and Rs 35,000.

They forcibly took away the wife of Mian Mazhar Saeed to her neighbour Mirza Ghulam Dastagir and asked her get open the door. As the door opened, they entered the house and snatched Rs 300,000 and two mobile phones from the family. The same dacoits later entered the house of Ghulam Dastagir’s brother Ghulam Rasool Mirza, a doctor at DHQ Hospital, by scaling the boundary wall. Later, they decamped with a mobile phone worth Rs 12,000.

When the family members raised an alarm, the dacoits came out of the house and snatched a motorcycle (TSF-2465) from a man. Four dacoits fled by car, while one of them escaped on the snatched motorcycle. After getting information, the City police sealed the town.

Sustainability

 Sustainability is referring to a state or condition that can be maintained over an indefinite period of time. It is ability to sustain something. If an activity is said to be sustainable, it should be able to continue for very long time.
 Sustainability is somewhat contextual term. Sustainability according to my views is as;
“A process of change in which the use of resources, the direction of investments, use of technology , planning and acting, institutional change are all in harmony and enhance both current and future potential to meet human needs and aspirations”
 Sustainability also means balancing social, economic and environmental outcomes for current and future generations.
The recourses means all the things including natural or manmade, renewable or non renewable. For sustainability planning plays a vital role. Without planning sustainability could not be achieved.
The idea of sustainability is not new. The idea that depletion of resources should be controlled had come from very long times ago. Forest have many uses and values; they provide us with timber, clean water and air. For instant, in many countries of the world people cut fuel wood for cooking and heating and for other purposes from steep mountain slopes, which create problems such as soil erosion, seasonal flooding, and a declining water. For sustainability we have to plant new trees as we cut.
There are three principles of sustainability, environmental health, social equity and economic development.
In past our planet was regarded as a large natural system upon which human activity had very little impact. However, with the rise of industries and other climate changes people now wonder what the world might be like in the future. Many people believe we cannot sustain our current way of living. This concern has led to thinking about how best to sustain life on earth.
Sustainability is complex and considered to be a relative rather than an absolute state and it is dynamic not static. Sustainability is something on which we have to continue to work on it, because things are always changing as population and climate change etc.

Food Security

According to the World Food Summit organised in Rome in 1996, food security exists when all people, at all times, have physical and economic access to sufficient, safe and nuritious food to meet their dietary needs and food preferences for an active and healthy life (FAO 2001 : 4). Tracking trends in food security requires two interrelated variables (FAO 1996a, Vol 1, Ch2 :3). The first is the per caput availability of food for direct human consumption (also called per caput food supplies). The second variable concerns the distribution of the food supplies within each country. One such relevant level for food security analysis is that of per caput food supplies (Calories/day) equal to 1.55 times the basal metabolic rate (BMR). If a person’s access to food is below this level, he may be classified as chronically undernourished.
FOOD PRODUCTION DOES NOT EQUAL FOOD SECURITY?
 According to FAO report in 2009; 1.02 billion people are undernourished worldwide (FAO 2009). It means that one sixth of world’s population still suffer from hunger and the fear of starvation and they go to bed without having adequate food. This is because the food production is not sufficient. In many developing countries, per caput food supplies may remain stubbornly inadequate to allow for significant nutritional progress (FAO 1996a : ix)
It is important to emphasis that food production is not the same as food availability, and that aggregate availability and ability to acquire food are very different things. As in Pakistan where surplus wheat is produced in the country but still facing food insecurity issues because of smuggling to neighbor countries. As the harvest season nears its completion, wheat smuggling into Afghanistan has reared its ugly head through the mutual connivance of the middleman and unscrupulous officials (The Nation,11/08/10). The middlemen are picking up the crop from farmers at a lower price than the official price and then smuggling it across the border to get a high price. It is just an endless loop that would not just snatch the bread out of the farmer’s mouth, but would have serious impacts for the country’s food security.
In my view more food production does not necessarily mean more food for those who need it. Food production undoubtedly influences food entitlements, the connections are complex and other matters are also being involved, because people’s access to food both depend on purchasing power and on their non-market entitlements, such as right to land for farming and foraging purposes. The peoples in rural areas of Pakistan have a very low purchasing power although food is available and this also accounts towards food insecurity.
MianSaud

Rural income in Gotland

The notion of farm and norm farm rural economies and their role in shaping rural development, livelihoods and household strategies continue to attract the attention of researchers, and dominate governments’ rural policy agendas (Reardon 2004; Barret et al 2001, Islam 1997). The most important aspect of these discussions has been how rural households generate their income and therefore the sources of their livelihoods. Previously it was assumed that most rural economies were dominated by households depending on farming (crop production and livestock rearing) as their main source of livelihoods but recent studies have shown that non-farm economic activities are increasingly forming a greater percentage of households’ economic activities. Islam (1997) and Reardon (2004) have illustrated that agriculture does not constitute the main source of economic activities in low income countries and that rural non-farm (RNF) activities contribute tremendously to household income. 
It is against this backdrop that this Gotland study is based. The study looks at how rurality, livelihoods and gender issues are addressed within the larger rural farm and non farm economy. Gotland is the largest island in the Baltic Sea. According to Swedish National Rural Development Agency (NRDA 2006) Gotland has about 57,297 inhabitants with 33,469 spread out in small rural communities while Visby the most urbanized town has about 23,828 inhabitants. Rurality in Sweden according to NRDA (2006) is defined based on people’s opportunities to access services and work. Therefore in Sweden rural areas are areas more than 45 minutes by car from the nearest urban area with more than 3,000 inhabitants, and islands with no permanent land connection. These figures and descriptions suggest that Gotland is more rural than urban.
The focus of the paper now is on the Gotland’s farm and non farm economies and how livelihoods, household strategies and gender shape these economies. According the US Department of Agriculture a farm economy is an economy in which agriculture serves as backbone providing both food and income to households. Such an economy is structured on size of farms, concentration of production, tenure, farm organization, business arrangements (including contractual agreements), and the characteristics of farmers and their households USDA (2009).  On the other hand rural non-farm economy is one in which economic activity is based on wage-paying activities and self-employment in commerce, manufacturing and other services Reardon (2004).

Livelihood according to Chambars and Conway (1992, p.7) comprises the capabilities, assets and activities required for a means of living.
According to Ellis (2000, p.18) the household is conceived as the social group which resides in the same place, shares the same meals, and makes joint or coordinated decisions over resource allocation and income pooling. However, a household strategy is defined as “those implicit principles that guide household members when seeking household goods, whether of survival or social mobility” Shahadat (2005). These household strategies are strongly linked to livelihood diversification which Ellis (2000, p.15) defines as “the process by which rural families construct a diverse portfolio activities and a social support capabilities in their struggle for survival and in order to improve their standard of living”. According to Mats Jansson of Gotland Tourism Association, the livelihoods of Gotlanders are based on agriculture (crop production, animal husbandry and forestry) and tourism however, it was also observed that small scale enterprises (manufacturing, food processing, and machine repairs) were also flourishing on the island. Tourism is a major non farm economic activity on the Island. The sector employs 1400 people during the lean season while about 6000 work in the tourism sector during summer.

That places emphasis on an ‘‘all-round’’ view of the livelihood circumstances of the poor, including their asset status, the activities in which they engage, and the encouraging or discouraging character of the institutional context within which their livelihood strategies unfold.

The future of farming in Gotland cannot be guaranteed. The youth in Gotland seem not be interested in farming a point well made by the households interviewed. For example Mr. and Mrs. Ben who has three children aged 17, 21 and 23 and each of them has indicated that they are not interested in farming.
Eco-village
Gender: Women who are into agriculture are very small but their role in other sectors is very significant. For example in Visby 15 women with their own fabric companies have come together to form a cooperative where they sell fabrics (mostly hand woven). The role of women as members of the household was highly visible. Some of them while forming partnership with their husbands in managing farms such as the Christine, others engage in non farm economic activities to bring further income to the household such as teaching, selling fabrics and operating restaurants and coffee bars.

Economic activities: tourism, farming (crop production, animal rearing and forestry), small scale businesses (Gotland Snus, Gotland Whisky, restaurants,) these analyzes show that the economy of Gotland is not based on agriculture alone but on a hybrid of activities.

Access to capital is crucial to all the entrepreneurs both in farming and non farming related activities. Access is defined by the rules and social norms that determine the differentiated ability of people in rural areas to own, control, otherwise claim or make use of resources such as land and common property Ellis (2000, p.9). Of these assets, Social capital is known to be playing key role in helping households to mobilize financial capital or gain access to information. For example the founder of Gotland Snus recounted his gratitude to people for sharing information with him while especially during the formative years in 2000 while the founder of the restaurant relied on the goodwill of the company to gain access to financial resources which enabled her to secure four million kroner credit from the bank.


Conclusion
In the light of the important role played by the RNF  economy it will be advantage to rural households if governments, donors and development agencies to focus on RNF activities and its importance for agricultural and rural development as well as poverty alleviation; and, with a view to furthering the harmonious growth of both the farm and RNF sectors,

Today’s Topic: Law and Order Situation in Pakistan

- Why do we have bad law and order situation in Pakistan?
- Who are the criminals involved in land grabbing, robberies and other street crimes?
- Why are they not arrested and produced in court for justice?
- How do you compare current law and order situation with pre-Musharraf times?
- What are the short and long term solutions?

Law and order situation is deteriorating in Pakistan. Equality of everyone in front of Law is the main solution. When individuals put themselves ahead of institutions, they set a bad example.

Mush claimed that CJ wanted to remove him from presidency. For a second, lets believe Musharraf (famously known as Mush Kutta). Is he (an individual) so important that he broke down any institution he liked just because they wanted to remove him?

These kinds of criminal acts by beghairat Generals set a bad example. Those who act upon their orders then do illegal things to their own benefis as well and this results in a chain of action that deteriorate law and order situation.

The issue is not the generals, it is the support they get. where is mush getting all the support from ,apart from US? He is getting a lot of support from the urdu speaking community and chaudries. Every urdu speaking I meet has only praises for mush and they say that pakistan was a mistake and this mistake is being rectified by Mush. I was extremely disappointed as many urdu speaking people literally abuse Quaid-e- Azam for creating pakistan. It is very important to understand that why some people support mush. who are they? Mush no doubt qualifies to be the biggest SOB of all time, but what about those people like the well connected urdu speaking community who are providing unstinting support to Mush; they are the real criminals trying to emasculate pakistan.

A TRIBUTE TO QUAID E AAZAM